Literary vs. Research Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Scholarly versus Examination Theory - Essay Example The last model is the New Criticism dependent on good and strict structures (Klarer, 2004). Exploration hypothesis, then again, is an efficient technique, for the most part utilized in sociologies, to create new speculations or test existing ones based on information investigation. On account of making of another hypothesis, a current hypothesis is utilized as a reason for recommendations concerning what sort of exploration ought to be done. Testing a current hypothesis comprises of utilizing information as directed by the invalid speculation dependent on the current hypothesis. Instances of exploration speculations incorporate expressive hypotheses, co social hypotheses and exploratory speculations (Klarer, 2004). Both artistic and exploration hypotheses have techniques or ways of thinking that can't be plainly cut from each other. The two of them give a general feeling of a premise wherein we can base our contentions as we attempt to clarify the complexities of different viewpoints throughout everyday life. The two hypotheses are significant in endeavoring to defend various marvels, and in attempting the center reason impact relationship (Klarer,

Warriors of the Amazon :: Yanomami Tribe

In the Amazon among Venezuela and Brazil, there is a clan of local individuals known as the Yanomami. The Yanomami are an antiquated people who are generally unaffected by the human advancements and innovation of today. They are a culture of chasing and assembling. The men are warriors that help to shield the clan from different clans, chase for meat, and assault restricting clans. The ladies remain at home and cook, bring up the youngsters. Numerous individuals remain in the shibono, or network complex. The youngsters are raised for an unpleasant life, to be warriors. They discover that each injury endured must be reimbursed. Men are the amazing sexual orientation, with all the rights. The connections made by having parents in law are the reason for their capacity. On the off chance that some help is without a doubt, it must be returned. An individual is constantly expected to be faithful to their family associations. A shaman is delegated to be the leader of the clan. Otherworldliness is a significant, ordinary thing. The clan is continually at war with evil presences. There are ceremonial psychedelic drugs that are utilized for contact with spirits and the soul world. The spirits control occasions in life which the shaman endeavor to outfit. The shaman picks up the forces of these spirits by setting off to the soul world, and he utilizes these to put reviles on adversary shamans and mend clan individuals from the indecencies of evil presences. Infections and diseases are causes by the evil presences and as such must be recuperate by profound force. At the point when somebody bites the dust their bones are singed and squashed into debris and devoured by the family members. It puts a people soul settled to discover a resting place inside their family, it would be a horrifying presence to cover them in the ground. When this function is done the individual is no more. Their name or individual is never to be referenced again. Foe clans battle and put reviles on one another. To become partners again they should exchange and arrange. At that point, the clans join along with a huge harmony festivity. They direct a move in stately dress and test every others quality.

The Disconnect of Fashion Advertising with Young Females Dissertation

The Disconnect of Fashion Advertising with Young Females - Dissertation Example Specialists recommend promoting media may unfavorably affect women’s body image† †[Online] Available at: www.healthyplace.com [Accessed February 2011] â€Å"For hundreds of years people or social orders have utilized garments and another body embellishment as a type of nonverbal correspondence to demonstrate occupation, rank, sex, sexual accessibility, territory, class, and riches and gathering association. Style is a type of free discourse. It holds onto garments as well as embellishments, gems, haircuts, magnificence, and body workmanship. What we wear and how and when we wear it, furnishes others with the shorthand to unpretentiously peruse the outside of a social situation.† - [Online] Available at www.fashion-ersociology_semiotics.com [Accessed February 2011] With the companion weight of being socially acknowledged in various conditions, style is considerably more so an issue with the more youthful age of females. Research has indicated that 70% of lad ies who consistently read design magazines believe them to be a significant wellspring of magnificence and wellness data. - [Online] Available at www.healthyplace.com [Accessed February 2011] In an examination completed by Peck and Loken in 2004, entitled â€Å"When will bigger estimated female models in ads are seen positively?† It was expressed that a fourth of those that were dissected, were ladies that announced they had a solid enthusiasm for impersonating design models, henceforth there is by all accounts a distinction between the pictures utilized by style promoters and the effect on female customers. As customers, we are continually being besieged with design from various perspectives. The freshest look or the trendiest shading is continually in our countenances by a wide range of techniques on the off chance that it isn't by bulletin it is by magazine, TV and even on the nourishments that we eat, Influences even originate from music that we tune in to with music re cordings. Design is all over the place and it is something we can’t escape from. â€Å"Fashion style is significant. Your garments make your design explanation, and how you're seen. Stand straight and conduct yourself with effortlessness. You will transmit self-confidence.† - [Online] Available at www.zinearticles.com [Accessed March 2011] However, the manner by which sponsors of design attire depict youthful females in their promoting, doesn't really appear to compare with the way that youthful females need to be seen. Objective/Usefulness of the undertaking The point of this thesis is to investigate and decide if design publicizing utilizes pertinent symbolism to affect youthful females today.  Thus the exploration will attempt to furnish sponsors of style apparel with a more profound knowledge and accommodating perceptions into understanding their crowd, their young female clients. Review of the job of female symbolism in design promoting †¦ Research Objectiv es The principle point of the task is to attempt to demonstrate whether there is or there isn't a distinction between how publicists publicize style to females. The attention will be on a crowd of people of 18-25-year-old female understudies at London South Bank University that are style cognizant.

Extraction Characterization and Dye Adsorption Ability of Chitin From Crab Shell Watste - Free Essay Example

ABSTRACT Chitin is the second most abundant natural polysaccharide after cellulose and is present in the crustacean exoskeleton like crab, shrimp, insects and fungi. It is the main structural component of the exoskeletons of the animals like insects and crustaceans. Crab, shrimp, squilla and fish scale waste is ideal raw material for chitin production. The present work is aimed at extraction of chitin from crab shells. The methodology include acid hydrolysis, demineralization followed by deproteinization step. The chitin produced is analysed by FTIR based on the interpretation of the spectrogram of the two samples of chitin synthesized in the present work, it can be said that all functional groups expected are seen. The applications of the chitin are numerous but the study is focused on dye adsorption ability. INTRODUCTION The shell fish industry which is prominent in all costal countries generates about 60,000 to 80,000 tons of waste (Muzzarelli et al,1986). Even though the wastes are biodegradable, the dumping off large quantities makes degradation process slow resulting in accumulation of waste overtime which is a major environmental concern. A quick and effective solution to this is recycling of shell wastes and extraction of commercially viable substances like chitin from them. Chitin on its own has various applications. Chtin is a natural polysaccharide of major importance. This biopolymer is synthesized by enormous number of living organisms and it belongs to the most abundant natural polymers, after cellulose (Rinaudo et al,2006). Expelling of dyestuff into water resource system causes major threat to the environment. Adsorption is the cost effective and potential method to remove the dyes from the effluents. Effluents from various industries contain harmful coloring agents, which have to be removed to maintain the quality of the environment. Paper, fabric, leather and dyestuff production are some of the industries that release harmful effluents (Lin S, Lin Cet al,1993).The aim of the present study was to investigate the chitin adsorption capability on major industrial dye, Methylene Blue. MATERIALS AND METHOD Sample preparation- Crabs were collected from Dapodi fish market, Pune. Crabs inedible parts including head, body shells and tails were removed from the whole body for extraction of chitin. The crab shell were washed and air dried and used for extraction. Extraction of chitin- Crab shell waste Crab shell powder Demineralization Deproteination Extracted Chitin Figure 1.Flow chart of basic steps of Extraction of Chitin. Process I- 10 grams of sun dried crab shell waste was demineralized by adding 1.5 N HCl at room temperature for 1 hour. Acid was discarded and the shells were washed with distilled water until the pH is neutral. The shells were then de-proteinized with 0.5% NaOH at 100 °C for 30 minutes. Protein solution was removed and washed thoroughly with distilled water and the pH was checked. The de-proteinization process was again repeated, for that 3% NaOH was added to the sample at 100 °C for 30 minutes. After draining the residual proteins along with the effluents, the sample once again washed and the pH was observed till it was approximately near to neutral. Hence the chitin slurry was obtained. The excess water was removed. The alkali was drained off and washed thoroughly with distilled water until the pH is less than 7.5 and then dried at ambient temperature (30 ? ± 2? °C) Process II- 10 grams of crab shell waste were refluxed in 100ml of sodium hypochlorite (NaCLO)solution at 100oc for 10 minutes. The NaCLO solution was decanted and the powder was washed with distilled water. The above step was repeated once more. The sample was again refluxed in 50ml of 1M HCL at 75oC for 15 minutes. The solution was decanted and washed with distilled till it becomes neutral. The sample was then refluxed in 50ml of 1M NaoH(sodium hydroxide)solution at 100oC for 2 minutes to remove any protein residues. The solution was decanted and remaining sample was washed with distilled water till it becomes neutral. They were filtered off and placed in an oven at 60oC for a week. Characterization of Chitin Solubility Test Chitin dissolves completely in 1% Acetic Acid. For the estimation of chitin produced the sample was taken out of the storage and weighed . Then the sample was put inside a clean beaker and 10 to 20 ml of 1% acetic acid was added to it. The solution was kept in shaker for 30 to 40 minutes. Then the sample was taken out and weighed, carefully( Abhrajyoti Tarafdar et al,2013) FT-IR Spectroscopy: The samples were analysed by FT-IR spectroscopy in Istrumentation Centre Solapur university and the graph depicts wave number versus percent transmission. (Pandharipande S et al,2016) Dye adsorption by Chitin:Stock solution of the dye was prepared by taking 10mg of methylene blue powder and adding it to 1000ml of distilled water( Paula Szymczyk et al,2015).The pH of the dye solutions was adjusted using 1 N NaOH or 1 HCl.About 1g of extracted Chitin(adsorbent) was added to 100mL of dye solutions(adsorbate). A control was also maintained without addition of chitin. At specific time intervals, aliquots of 2-3 ml suspension were filtered and used to evaluate the adsorption of dye.The absorbance spectrum of the supernatant was subsequently measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Concentration of dye adsorption was calculated by the absorbance value at 668nm. Percentage of dye adsorption was estimated by the following formula: % adsorption = 100 — [(CO â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢C)/ C0] Where: C0 is the initial concentration of dye solution and C is the concentration of dye solution after Adsorption( S. Dhananasekaran et al,2015). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Extraction of chitin from crab requires harsh chemical treatments. The crab shells even though contains majority of chitin, also has proteins and minerals. Proteins are removed by deproteinization and carbon and other salts are removed by demineralization( Badawy et al,2011). Process I â€Å" Solubility test for sample 1 Initial weight of chitin was measured to be 0.40 gram. Final weight of chitin after reaction with 1% acetic acid was measured to be 0.22 grams and hence the total dissolved weight of chitin was calculated to be 0.18 grams. Proecss II Solubility test for sample 2 Initial weight of chitin produced was measured to be 0.40 grams .Final weight of shells after reaction with 1% acetic acid was measured to be 0.20 grams and hence the total dissolved weight of chitin was calculated to be 0.20 grams. Therefore, it was observed that chitin produced employing Process II was more readily soluble in 1% acetic acid solution then that produced through Process I. FTIR Analysis- The interpretation of FTIR analysis of the samples is done for the possible presence of functional groups and the details are given in Table 1(Dhananasekaran S et al,2016) Table 1 Sr.no Standard chitin wavelength in cm-1 Crab chitin wavelength in cm-1 Groups Sample-1 Sample-2 1. 3300-3250 3373 3278 N-H 2. 2891 2952 2920,2826 C-H 3. 1680-1660 1653 1647 C=O 4. 1560-1530 1560 1568 Amide 5. 1072 1017 1024,1094 C-0-C 6. 952 952 901 Amide III 7. 750-650 667,625 685,617 N-H The FT-IR spectra of chitin isolate from crab shell are given in Figure 2 and 3 Theoreitically,? ±-chitin is characterized by three characteristic amide bands appearing at 1650,1620, and 1550 cm-1.In this study we observed FTIR bands at 1653 cm-1 and 1560 cm-1 for chitin sample 1 in figure 2.Here peak at 1653 cm-1 corresponds to symmetrical deformation to vibration of amide I band stretching C=O and 1560 cm-1 Coressponds to N-H deformation of amide II(Muhammed, R., et al,2010) FIG 2: FT-IR spectra of chitin (Sample 1) FIG 3: FT-IR spectra of chitin(Sample2) In sample 2,Figure 3 the peaks are observed at 1647 cm-1 and 1568 cm-1 which corresponds to symmetrical deformation to vibration of amide I band stretching C=O and N-H deformation of amide II respectively. From interpretation of FT IR it can be said that all functional groups which are during synthesis have been identified in the form of peaks that include amide,carbonyl and hydroxyl groups.This indicates the successive formation of chitin biopolymer(Muhammed, R., et al) Dye adsorption by Extracted Chitin Graph 1:Effect of pH on removal of dye Graph 2:Effect of contact time on removal of dye Graph 1 shows the relationship between pH values and percentage removal of dye .The readings were taken having varying pH between 4-9 and between intervals of 30 minutes. A result shows that the effectiveness of dye adsorption onto chitin was decreasing along with the increasing pH value. Here, the effect of dye adsorption is found maximum at pH7 i.e the neutral. The dye removal percentage with contact time between dye and extracted chitin is shown in Graph 2. The range of observed contact time was 30 -180 minutes with the increment of 30 minutes. It is observed that with increase in incubation time the effectiveness of dye adsorption by chitin increases. The % removal was found to be maximum at 180 minutes at pH 7 such as after 3 hours compared to initial readings. The % removal was found to be 39% after 180 minutes. CONCLUSION Chitin is one of the most abundant biopolymers in nature and is a major component in the supporting tissues of organisms such as crustaceans, fungi, and insects. It has wide application in various fields. This study shows the production of chitin from crab shell. The FTIR and chemical characterization studies confirm the production of chitin. In this study removal of dyes by adsorption using crab shell(chitin) was investigated. This study monitored the ability of chitin for removing dyes from aqueous solutions. Interaction between the chitin and dye were found to be strongly dependent on pH of the solution. The maximum percentage of dyes reduction was obtained at an optimum contact time 180 minutes and optimum pH of 7.Crab shell chitin has been found to be comparatively better adsorbent because it can remove almost 39 % of dyes within 3 hours. Finally, the result of adsorption study, it is concluded that chitin can be used as a coagulant of dyes because of its higher adsorptive capac ity, cost effectiveness, environment friendly behavior and availability in nature.

B-29 The Airplane that Changed the World - 1366 Words

â€Å"Never before had so much brain-power been focused on a single problem.†(Laurence qtd. in â€Å"Eyewitness†). Many inventions can be said to have changed the world, and the way it worked. Only a core few of these many inventions can be said to change air warfare, and few of those are as game-changing as the B-29 Superfortress by Boeing. The B-29 was the plane that dropped the atomic bombs in World War Two (â€Å"bomber†). The plane by Boeing was used most in World War Two as a strategic long-range bomber. This invention revolutionized the concept of war, and war is a factor in all life on planet earth. The B-29 bomber changed warfare by sparking the innovation of aircraft technology, saving lives, and allowing more power to be carried by the means†¦show more content†¦These troops were still needed in some aspects of war, but a vast number of them were not needed as much in warfare from that point onward. The vastly improved technology on the B-29 bomber allowed it to do something no other plane could do before. This was easily and safely invading enemy airspace (â€Å"bomber†). It easily invaded enemy airspace by flying higher than other planes could easily dispatch and flying faster than it took the enemies to realize there had even been a bomber until the bomb struck and the bomber was safe and sound away from the blast. That way many less dogfights had to take place and entire armies did not have to be sent to attack a target that could be brought down much more efficiently (Powell 417). The planes abilities were used to target weak points of the other side and terrorise the enemies of the Allied powers. There was much less deaths of attackers and much more success when they used airplanes. Some countries during World War Two realized this advantage of bombers and used it to great success. Examples of other times bombers like the B-29 were used was during the Blitz bombing on the Allies mainly in England (Swanst on 110). These bombers were way less efficient than the B-29 bomber that came years earlier, but these bombings show that more than one country was taking advantage of the abilities of the bombers, even crude ones. The bombings that the B-29 and others of its kind took out wereShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Over The Marianas989 Words   |  4 Pagessuccessful bombing missions, it was still costly, especially over Europe and Germany. Typically, American bombers suffered the most losses when they had to fly out of the range of fighter escorts when going on deep bombing missions. As American airplane technology was upgraded, American fighters were able to escort the bombers deeper into enemy territory. Also, the American pilots were able to get the best of the Luftwaffe because of some mistakes made by German pilots. The German pilots wereRead MoreHow the Airplane Changed War Essay651 Words   |  3 PagesHow the Airplane Changed War In many ways World War II presents post Civil War American attitudes about technology and science. Trace either the most relevant technology or scientific assumption from 1865 to 1945 showing how it changed or why it stayed the same from the Civil War for the end of World War II. (Length 3 pages) America has faced several major wars including the Civil War, World War I and II. These wars have cause great advances in technology and different techniques of fightingRead MoreThe Invention Of Airplanes : The United States Of America And Great Britain1748 Words   |  7 PagesFor many people, it is hard to think of the current world without airplanes. This simple fact is what makes them so important to talk about in society. They might be overlooked sometimes, but they have added a lot to history and should not be taken for granted for what they achieve. 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Women gained notorietyRead MoreThe United States And Japan s Involvement1687 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"We were about to form lines facing the front, we saw a B-29 approaching and about fly over us...That was the moment when the blast came. And then the tremendous noise came and we were left in the dark...† This is how 14 year old Akihiro Takahashi begins his account of the bombing on Hiroshima. Standing just 1.4km away from the epicenter, Akihiro couldn’t do anything but watch as the United States dropped the world’s first atomic bomb on his hometown. Three days later, while terror was still raging

The Campus Of The University Of California - 1764 Words

Overview: On the campus of the University of California, Tatiana Tarasoff was killed by Prosenjit Poddar just two months after being detained by campus police for making such threats in a counseling session. According to Public Health Law, Poddar expressed that he was going to carry out the action of murder during two different counseling sessions, which his psychologist, Dr. Moore, had no choice but to have him detained. He was released after promising to stay away from Tarasoff, however, he followed through on killing Tatiana Tarasoff. During this time frame, according to the â€Å"Facts† from a casebriefs.com (page 2), the psychologist sought out other professionals for insight. The reason for consensualizing was to get others’ insight as to whether is was the psychologists place to warn Tatiana Tarasoff or her parents of this threat, and break confidentiality with her client. The conclusion drawn was to not warn, which was advised by Moore’s superior, or protect T atiana, and as a result, she was murdered by Poddar in 1969. Findings: In the case of Tarasoff vs. Regents of University of California Supreme Court, the findings were that of a mental health professional, along with the supervisor, and others, were being sued by Tatiana Tarasoff parents after she was brutally murdered by Prosenjit Poddar in 1969. The 1976 ruling resulted in requiring that the counselor has â€Å"the duty to warn and protect† even though the victim is not the client. Poddar explained his plan toShow MoreRelatedThe University Of California University1063 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity of California The University of California, which is known as UC, is one of the largest and most successful university systems in the country. 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What impact did the Vikings have on North Britain free essay sample

Shortly before the ninth century, North-west Europe was exposed to raids and attacks from the Scandinavians. They had discovered the wealth that could be obtained from the richer communities of Britain and Frankia, both in currency and natural resources (the latter being found especially in Ireland). As time went on, during the course of the ninth century, the leaders of the attacks on these countries grew more ambitious and soon there were different motives for raiding these places. Many leaders had become content to stay and settle permanently in these abundantly richer countries. This process of Viking settlement led to the integration of two cultures, between the peoples of the settled countries and the Vikings, this integration enveloped languages and religion mainly. This essay will seek to distinguish what impact the Scandinavian settlement had on the region of North Britain, in particular Scotland and the islands surrounding the coast of Scotland. Firstly to be able to fully assess what impact was had, one firstly must look at the nature of society and settlement before the Scandinavian invasion. By the end of the Roman occupation in Britain, the area that we now call Scotland consisted of many different Kingdoms. There were four distinct groups within the borders that are now Scotland. In the east were the Picts with Kingdom between Forth and Shetland. While in the West the people of Dal Riata, the Goidelic speakers, with their royal fortress in Argyll. Then there were the Brythonic peoples in the South making the Kingdom of Strathclyde with their centre being Dunbarton Rock and finally the English or Angles who settled in the South East. At the beginning of the Viking raids into North Britain the region had been divided into four ethnic groups of Britons, English, Gaels and Picts. Or rather three distinct political regions, Northumbria, Pictland and Strathclyde, into which further there were a multitude of various kingships and lordships, creating a somewhat complex web of power during this time. Eventually it would come down between the Gaels and Picts, were power was regularly disputed between the two. However by the 8th Century the distinctiveness of the two peoples had clearly lessened, bloodlines had been diluted by marriage in what one assumes were attempts at bridging peace or gaining pre-eminence over the other. Unfortunately the records of much of early Scottish History are not written, with many lost or destroyed, which  can make a survey of pre-Viking Scotland somewhat difficult. There is little to no written evidence between the Seventh Century text of Adamnan’s Life of Columba and Tactitus’ account of Agricola, leaving around five centuries of history in the dark. Despite this we are still able to make fair assumptions due to details and evidence in various different texts including the Orkneyinga Saga and Irish and English annals and chronicles. However it is still important to treat these texts with care considering the Norse Saga was written by an unknown Icelandic scribe while the annals and chronicles are susceptible to certain bias. One of the most often popular citations from the Anglo Saxon Chronicle; an entry under 793, â€Å"This year came dreadful fore-warnings over the land of the Northumbrians, terrifying the people most woefully: these were immense sheets of light rushing through the air, and whirlwinds, and fiery, dragons flying across the firmament. These tremendous tokens were soon followed by a great famine: and not long after, on the sixth day before the ides of January in the same year, the harrowing inroads of heathen men made lamentable havoc in the church of God in Holy-island, by rapine and slaughter. † The extract describing the Viking raid on Lindisfarne; this is often considered the opening deluge into Viking attacks in Britain. In 795 the Vikings sacked Iona, in 802 they burned it and in 806 they killed sixty eight of the community living on the island. This was the first attack in close proximity to Scotland. They’re had been previous attacks on other areas such as Lindisfarne and Rechru which is now Rathlin Island off the north coast of Antrim, as it is recorded in the Annals of Ulster, â€Å"The burning of Rechru by the heathens, and Sci was overwhelmed and laid waste. † Again the Annals of Ulster mention the abruptness of â€Å"the devastation of all the islands of Britain by pagans†. Soon after, Orkney, Shetland and the majority of the western Isles had fallen to the new Scandinavian settlers. In 839, the Vikings had enjoyed a major victory in which the King of Fortriu, Eogan mac Oengusa and the King of Dal Riata, Aed mac Boanta were both killed in battle. In 867 the Vikings had seized control of Northubria forming the Kingdom of York . Which is also mentioned in the Annals of Ulster; â€Å"The dark foreigners won a battle over the northern Saxons at York. † Approximately three years after, Dunbarton was also taken over as well, leaving a newly combined Pictish and Gaelic kingdom which had been brought together by Cinead mac Alpin ( or more commonly known as Kenneth Alpin), leaving the Kingdom almost entirely encircled by the new Scandinavian settlers The usual perception of Vikings plays reference to their role mainly as raiders, being disruptive and destructive. However conquerors and colonists made a more positive contribution by encouraging commerce, the growth of towns and re-shaping political structures. We can see this by the fact that much of North England had been reshaped due to the formation of Danelaw. During the 890’s the Danes had even introduced a new currency within Danelaw. The impact of the Viking commerce that took place in towns and cities within Danelaw should not go un-noticed; cities such as York remained for centuries after a place of importance in terms of trade and wealth. The fact that they introduced new coinages shows the impact that they had on the politics of the areas they settled and similarly the law codes that they issued in the names of King Edgar and King Knut, would suggest that they did have a greater impact than what the lack of evidence would suggest. Further north in Britain, areas may have experienced different levels of influence such as the Orkneys or the Hebrides, unlike most other areas of Scotland, land was not fertile and offered little in means of agriculture, however these Eastern Isles of Scotland had fertile lands, landscapes conducive to farming and more than not, the new Scandinavian settlers most likely helped to exploit this. The Norse presence heavily influenced Scotland’s language. Undoubtedly the gaelic language more than like must have undergone minor changes throughout the centuries preceding the arrival of the Norse settlers. The Norse domination of the Hebrides lasted for almost 500 years, until the conclusion of the Treaty of Perth in 1266, and the Scandinavian language probably did not drop out of use altogether in the area until nearly the sixteenth century. While in Orkney and the Shetlands remained under the control of the Scandinavians until they were pledged in 1468-69 by King Christian I of Denmark to the Scottish crown, and the Scandinavian language remained until as late as the eighteenth century. However the native languages of the Northern Isles underwent a complete Norse transformation. Despite this, the gaelic language in the end did prevail, but the Norse dominance can still be seen today, particularly in places names, such as on the Isle of Lewis where four fifths of the place names are Norse. It is slightly harder to determine the extent to which the Vikings influenced religion in North Britain, or where they themselves were influenced by religion. The Viking impact is assumed to be damaging, but in order to fully understand this we would need to have a clear idea on what the pre-existing structures, in this case, the Church were already like. Indeed many Viking studies have made assumptions about the social nature and political practices in Viking Scotland (which may need to be revised). However it may be a fair assumption to make, that like in many other areas throughout Britain, the Vikings had quickly accepted Christianity and therefore a parallel may be able to be drawn in such places like Scotland also. The Viking settlement in the North may have accidently played an early role in the creation of modern day Scotland or Alba. Where previsously before the land had been divided between Picland, Strathclyde and Dal Riata. The new settlers almost acted as a catalyst in uniting these separate Kingdoms together against a common enemy – the Norse. The extent of the Viking impact in North Britain is still today a largely unanswered one, the lack of written evidence from the area adds to making the task harder. However based on other evidence from sources of the same time such as the Annals of Ulster or the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles one can gain a fair idea of the impact which was had. The fact that the islands of Orkney and the Hebrides remained under Viking control for a such a long period of time is a clear marker of the impact which was had. To add to this is he linguistic impression on place names in North Britain still stands today as evidence of what was once a Scandinavian dominated area and culture as well.